Effect of nitrogen on the skin colour and other quality attributes of ripe ‘Kensington Pride’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit

Near-ripe ‘Kensington Pride’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit with green skin colour generally return lower wholesale and retail prices. Pre-harvest management, especially nitrogen (N) nutrition, appears to be a major causal factor. To obtain an understanding of the extent of the problem in the Burdekin district (dry tropics; the major production area in Australia), green mature ‘Kensington Pride’ mango fruit were harvested from ten orchards and ripened at 20 ± 0.5 O C. Of these orchards, 70% produced fruit with more than 25% of the skin surface area green when ripe. The following year, the effect of N application on skin colour and other quality attributes was investigated on three orchards, one with a high green (HG) skin problem and two with a low green (LG) skin problem. N was applied at pre-flowering and at panicle emergence at the rate of 0,75,150,300 g per tree (soil applied) or 50 g per tree as foliar N for the HG orchard, and 0,150,300,450 g per tree (soil applied) or 50 g per tree (foliar) for the LG orchards. In all orchards the proportion of green colour on the ripe fruit was significantly (P<0.05) higher with soil applications of 150 g N or more per tree. Foliar sprays resulted in a higher proportion of green colour than the highest soil treatment in the HG orchard, but not in the LG orchards. Anthracnose disease severity was significantly (P<0.05) higher with 300 g of N per tree or foliar treatment in the HG orchard, compared with no additional N. Thus, N can reduce mango fruit quality by increasing green colour and anthracnose disease in ripe fruit.

The freezing of mango slices (Mangifera indica var. Kensington)

'Kensington' mango slices were frozen with sucrose syrup, with dry sucrose and without sugar addition, using blast freezing at -30°C, and still air freezing at -18°C. According to taste panel assessment, slices frozen in syrup were best. A syrup strength of 200 g/L was sufficient to produce a high quality product. the blast-frozen slices had a higher texture score than the still air-frozen slices.

Reducing the incidence of under-skin browning in 'Honey Gold' mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit

'Honey Gold' mango is a relatively new cultivar in Australia, with an appealing skin colour and a sweet fibre-free flesh. However, fruit can develop 'under-skin browning' (USB), which appears several days after packing as a distinct 'bruise'-like discolouration under the epidermis and can affect large areas of the fruit surface. We investigated the anatomy of USB and the impact of post-harvest fruit handling conditions on the disorder. Starch accumulated around the resin canals and discoloured cells in the affected area, with no visible change to the cuticle or epidermis. Delays of 1 d at ambient temperature (27 degrees - 35 degrees C) before packing, and 2 d at 18 degrees - 20 degrees C (after packing), before placing fruit at 12 degrees - 14 degrees C and road transportation, reduced the incidence of USB by 83% compared to placing fruit at 12 degrees - 14 degrees C within 13 h of picking. The incidence of USB was 88 100% higher in fruit that were cooled to 12 degrees - 14 degrees C within 13 h of picking, then commercially road-freighted for 4 d at 12 degrees - 14 degrees C, than in fruit held under similar temperature conditions, but not road-freighted. Wrapping each fruit in bubble-wrap to minimise direct contact with other fruit, with the plastic insert, or with the cardboard tray, reduced the incidence of USB by 84% after road-freight compared to not using bubble-wrap. These results suggest that USB is a unique disorder of mango skin associated with a rapid post-harvest reduction in temperature, from high ambient temperatures to 12 degrees - 14 degrees C, and with physical damage during road-freight.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel extract fractions from different cultivars differentially affect lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells

Plant phytochemicals are increasingly recognised as sources of bioactive molecules which may have potential benefit in many health conditions. In mangoes, peel extracts from different cultivars exhibit varying effects on adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line. In this study, the effects of preparative HPLC fractions of methanol peel extracts from Irwin, Nam Doc Mai and Kensington Pride mangoes were evaluated. Fraction 1 contained the most hydrophilic components while subsequent fractions contained increasingly more hydrophobic components. High content imaging was used to assess mango peel fraction effects on lipid accumulation, nuclei count and nuclear area in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. For all three mango cultivars, the more hydrophilic peel fractions 1-3 inhibited lipid accumulation with greater potency than the more hydrophobic peel fractions 4. For all three cultivars, the more lipophilic fraction 4 had concentrations that enhanced lipid accumulation greater than fractions 1-3 as assessed by lipid droplet integrated intensity. The potency of this fraction 4 varied significantly between cultivars. Using mass spectrometry, five long chain free fatty acids were detected in fraction 4; these were not present in any other peel extract fractions. Total levels varied between cultivars, with Irwin fraction 4 containing the highest levels of these free fatty acids. Lipophilic components appear to be responsible for the lipid accumulation promoting effects of some mango extracts and are the likely cause of the diverse effects of peel extracts from different mango cultivars on lipid accumulation.

Fine root dry matter relative to mango (Mangifera indica) tree scion size grafted on size-controlling rootstocks, is negatively related to scion growth rate

Knowledge of root dry matter (DM) allocation, in relation to differing vigour conferred by rootstock cultivars, is required to understand the structural relationships between rootstock and scion. We investigated the mass of roots (four size classes up to 23 mm diameter) by coring proximal to five polyembryonic mango rootstock cultivars known to differ in their effects on the vigour and productivity of scion cultivar ‘Kensington Pride’, in a field trial of 13-year-old trees. Significant differences in fine (<0.64 and 0.64–1.88 mm diameter) and small (1.88–7.50 mm) root DM contents were observed between rootstock cultivars. There was a complex relationship between the amount of feeder (fine and small size classes) roots and scion size (trunk cross sectional area, TCSA), with intermediate size trees on rootstock MYP having the most feeder roots, while the smallest trees, on the rootstock Vellaikulamban had the least of these roots. Across rootstock cultivars, tree vigour (TCSA growth rate) was negatively and significantly related to the ratio of fine root DM/scion TCSA, suggesting this may be a useful indicator of the vigour that different rootstocks confer on the scion. In contrast non-ratio root DM and scion TCSA results had no significant relationships. The significant rootstock effects on orchard root growth and tree size could not be predicted from earlier differences in nursery seedling vigour, nor did seedling vigour predict root DM allocation.

Diagnóstico del estado de aplicación de buenas prácticas agrícolas en dos unidades de producción de mango (mangifera indica L.) del departamento de Granada, Nicaragua

Entre el 14 de octubre de 2005 al 27 de octubre 2005 se realizó un diagnóstico sobre la aplicación de Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas (BPA) en la finca La Rodiana y la Finca El Paraíso. en las cuales se encuentran establecidas una plantación de mango (Mangifera índica L.). Ambas fincas se encuentran en el departamento de Granada. Nicaragua. Para realizar este estudio se utilizó el formato oficial que el Ministerio Agropecuario Forestal (MAGFOR) emplea para este tipo de diagnostico. Dicho instrumento contiene 15 secciones y por cada sección un número variable de preguntas. Este instrumento esta diseñado para determinar la situación actual de cada una de las unidades de producción en lo relativo al cumplimiento de los requisitos mínimos obligatorios establecidos por el estado nicaragüense para otorgar una certificación de BP A. Una vez levantada la información se hizo una verificación in situ de la misma al observar directamente las condiciones en las fincas 1 y 2. Una vez levantada y verificada está información. se procedió a procesar la información. tabulando la misma y estableciendo el grado (en términos porcentuales) de cumplimiento por cada sección. así como el cumplimiento promedio de cada sección. La finca La Rodiana obtuvo un porcentaje de cumplimiento de 26 % y la finca El Paraiso obtuvo un porcentaje de cumplimiento de 30 %. Ninguna de las fincas en estudio alcanzo el mínimo (80 %) para optar a la certificación de BPA Los resultados del diagnóstico indican que en general, los encargados de la fincas tiene poca o nula capacitación técnica y conocimientos para la implementación de las BP A. Se recomienda capacitar a los encargado de la finca y a sus trabajadores permanentes en los temas: a. Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas, b. Agrotecnia del cultivo de mango y c. Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP) con énfasis en el cultivo de mango. Los encargados de las fincas en conjunto con los dueños de las mismas deben de formular un plan de medidas correctivas para alcanzar la certificación BPA definido en relación a las medidas a aplicar y los periodos de tiempo para su cumplimiento. También se recomienda que los dueños de las fincas hagan gestiones para financiar la implementación de las medidas correctivas para alcanzar la certificación de las BPA's.

Studies on the influence of moisture and specific gravity on the strength properties of mango wood (Mangifera indica)

Influence of moisture and specific gravity on the strength of mango wood is discussed. The co-efficient of correlation between specific gravity and breaking strength was found to be non-significant. The relation of strength and moisture was found to be highly significant. The mean strength values indicated a reduction in strength when the moisture increased from 8.5 to 18.8%. However no appreciable difference in strength values could be observed when moisture increased above 37%. The strength-moisture relationship is a straight line, passing approximately through the fibre saturation point. By using the exponential formula, the breaking strength corresponding to any moisture level between zero and fibre saturation can be determined.

Propagação da mangueira (Mangifera indica L.).

O sucesso de um pomar comercial de fruteiras está ligado principalmente à qualidade da muda, aos cuidados com o plantio e manejo da cultura. A muda, na verdade, representa o insumo inicial mais importante e para o qual o produtor deve ser bastante criterioso e cuidadoso para que escolha mudas de qualidade e garanta o sucesso do empreendimento. O agricultor deve procurar viveiristas credenciados que comercializem mudas certificadas ou fiscalizadas, apresentando um padrão adequado, recomendado pela pesquisa. Para tanto, deve atentar para altura, diâmetro do caule, número de emissões foliares, tipo de enxertia, tipo de embalagem e estado vegetativo, entre outros.

Crystalline structure of mangiferin, a C-glycosyl-substituted 9H-xanthen-9-one isolated from the stem bark of Mangifera indica

The crystalline structure of mangiferin (= 2-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one; 1), a biologically active xanthenone C-glycoside, isolated from the stem bark of Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), was unambiguously determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystal structure is summarized as follows: triclinic, P1, a = 7.6575(5), b = 11.2094(8), c = 11.8749(8) angstrom, alpha = 79.967(5), beta = 87.988(4), gamma = 72.164(4)degrees, V = 955.3(1) angstrom(3), and Z = 2. The structure also shows two molecules in the asymmetric unit cell and five crystallization H2O molecules. The packing is stabilized by several intermolecular H-bonds involving either the two symmetry-independent mangiferin molecules 1a and 1b, or the H2O ones.

Biocompósitos poliméricos obtidos a partir da fração lignocelulósica e amilácea do caroço de manga (mangifera indica), Tommy atkins

This employment has the function the utilization of mango seeds Tommy Atkins, like starch source to obtain biopolymers and fibers source and nanowhiskers cellulose also, that will be use like reinforcing fillers in micro and nanobiocomposites polymeric. The fibers in natura removed from tegument mango seed were characterized, as weel as the treated fibers and nanowhiskers of cellulose extracted from them. The starch extracted from seed s almond showed a good performance (32%) and a high purity. The chemicals analyzes, of crystallinity and morphological of the fibers in natura, treated fibers and nanowhiskers of cellulose confirmed the efficacy of the chemical treatement performed to remove amorphous constituents (hemicellulose and lignina). The thermoplastic starch (TPS) obtained from two sources, corn starch and starchy material mango, was produced in a twin screw extruder with compositon mass of 62,5% of starch, 9,4% of water and 28,1% of glycerol. The starch material mango was the main objective of this work for the production of biodegradable materials, and the starch corn was utilized during the production stage to evaluate the processability of the starch and use as parameter for comparison, according of being a conventional source for obtaining conventional comercial starch. The incorporation of fibers (6% in mass) and nanowhiskers cellulose (1% in mass) in matrix of TPS to obtain composite and nanocomposite, respectively, it was performed in single screw extruder. The biocomposites and bionanocomposites polymeric were obtained and the TPS from starchy material mango presented better results of thermal and mechanicals properties when compared to TPS corn starch. Concludes that the sediment generated of the agroindustrial processing mango used presents potencial to producing of biodegradables materials

Evaluation of mango loss (Mangifera indica L.) in the retail market of Botucatu-SP

Losses in the mango commercialization process in Brazil has reduced its offer to the consumer. The present study aims at determining these losses in different purchase sites of the retail market, its causes and suggestions for reducing them. Twenty two retail points, including supermarkets, greengroceries and free fair were selected in Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The total amount commercialized was 114 ton/year. The following average losses were verified for each mango variety: 'Tommy Atkins'(11, 5%), Haden (12, 4%) and 12, 7% for other varieties. The total loss in retail market reached US$ 25.231,00 corresponding to 14 tons. The average loss percentage observed is compatible with previous studies running in other cities. The results suggest the need of better management, the exposure of the fruit to the consumer, technology in the transportation of the fruits and most appropriate storage for maintaining the quality and the reduction of losses. The results show the need of higher investment in technical personnel reskilling in fruit and vegetable sector.

Comportamento de cultivares de manga (Mangifera indica L.) em relação à malformação

A malformação da mangueira causada pelo fungo Fusarium subglutinans Wollenweb & Reinking é provavelmente a doença que mais causa prejuízos à produção de manga no Brasil e em outros países produtores. Esse fungo foi isolado de uma planta-matriz da cultivar Tommy Atkins com avançados sintomas da doença, purificado e preparado para ser inoculado em 15 cultivares de manga nacionais e importadas. Inicialmente, foram inoculadas, em julho de 2000, 10 cultivares: Bourbon IAC - 100, Coração-de-Boi, Keitt, Parvin, Primor de Amoreira, Sensation, Smith, Surpresa, Tommy Atkins e Van Dyke. O segundo grupo foi inoculado em dezembro de 2000, com as cultivares: Adams, Bhadauran, Palmer, Princesa e Zill, e repetiu-se a inoculação com outras mudas das cultivares Primor de Amoreira, Sensation e Tommy Atkins, com a finalidade de se compararem as duas épocas de inoculação. Através dos dados obtidos com as plantas avaliadas nas duas épocas de inoculação, após 11 meses de observações, realizou-se o teste de médias Z para comparar a proporção de plantas doentes entre as cultivares, podendo-se concluir, com os resultados obtidos, que as cultivares Bhadauran, Palmer, Parvin, Sensation, Surpresa, Van Dyke e Zill apresentam menor porcentagem de plantas com sintomas de malformação ou menor progressão de sintomas em relação às outras cultivares inoculadas, para as condições de ambiente protegido em que foram realizados os ensaios.

Polyphenols with Antiulcerogenic Action from Aqueous Decoction of Mango Leaves (Mangifera indica L.)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Thermophysical properties of mango pulp (Mangifera indica L. cv. Tommy Atkins)

The density, heat capacity and thermal conductivity of mango pulp (Mangifera indica L. cv. Tommy Atkins) were determined at moisture contents of between 0.9 and 0.52 kg kg(-1) (w.b.) and temperatures of between 20 and 80 degrees C. The experimental data were satisfactorily fitted (explained variation values >99.1%) as functions of the moisture content and temperature by using multivariate linear models. In the range of conditions considered, the moisture content exhibits a greater influence on the studied properties than temperature. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.